Vaccine and Immunology

Combination & Conjugate Vaccines

More and more diseases are becoming vaccine-preventable, but preventing an increase in injections is necessary to retain community and provider acceptance. Vaccines that include conjugates are a necessary and significant advancement. This study examines the safety and effectiveness of combination conjugate vaccinations, as well as the function of immunological memory, correlates of immunity, and the immunological mechanisms underpinning interactions between vaccine epitopes. The experience with combination vaccinations against Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type b is specifically discussed. Key topics for future research are indicated, the consequences of these findings for various groups are reviewed, and the implications for post-licensure monitoring are addressed.