Vaccine and Immunology

Cancer, Malaria & TB Vaccines

An estimated 2–3 million people die from malaria each year, and the disease causes enormous morbidity in the 300–500 million afflicted each year. Because of the development of parasite strains that are resistant to medication, the deterioration of healthcare infrastructure, and the challenges associated with establishing and sustaining vector control programs in many developing nations, malaria is seen as a reemerging illness. Human malaria is caused by four different types of protozoan parasites: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. P. falciparum is the causative agent of most severe forms of malaria, including cerebral malaria, and most deaths from the disease. 2 billion individuals harbor a latent M. tuberculosis infection 5–10% of infected individuals develop an illness. 9 million new cases of tuberculosis are reported annually. 1.5 million Tuberculosis deaths annually 1.5 million tuberculosis deaths annually equal to twenty passenger plane crashes every day. Adults with coronary disease can spread tuberculosis (TB), while those living with HIV have a higher disease burden overall. Compared to older children and adults, this group has the highest chance of developing an active TB infection as well as the lowest rates of TB morbidity and fatality.